Reconstructed Proto-Yigó words: Difference between revisions
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! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ||
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | ! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | ||
! scope="col" | [[ | ! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one" | ! scope="row" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one" | ||
| shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ | | shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ | ||
| siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/ | | siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/ | ||
| sunyega | | сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae'''; "two" | ! scope="row" | '''*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae'''; "two" | ||
| zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ | | zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ | ||
| ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ | | ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ | ||
| | | зосажа (sozaja) /zosaʒa/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁āny₁irtʰ'''; "three" | ! scope="row" | '''*nw₁āny₁irtʰ'''; "three" | ||
| mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/ | | mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/ | ||
| nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ | | nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ | ||
| nyanirth | | нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*nolâegy₁e'''; "four" | ! scope="row" | '''*nolâegy₁e'''; "four" | ||
| nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ | | nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ | ||
| nolegi /nolegi/ > /nɔlɛji/ | | nolegi /nolegi/ > /nɔlɛji/ | ||
| nolyage | | нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*gy₁ūzw₁a'''; "five" | ! scope="row" | '''*gy₁ūzw₁a'''; "five" | ||
| jūv /ʝu:β/ | | jūv /ʝu:β/ | ||
| giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ | | giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ | ||
| gyuza | | гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁iny₂âe'''; "ten" | ! scope="row" | '''*zy₁iny₂âe'''; "ten" | ||
| zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ | | zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ | ||
| zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ | | zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ | ||
| zinya | | зиня (zinya) /zinja/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ||
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | ! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | ||
! scope="col" | [[ | ! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me" | ! scope="row" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me" | ||
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| wiceh /wiçə/ | | wiceh /wiçə/ | ||
| uike /wike/ > /wije/ | | uike /wike/ > /wije/ | ||
| вика ( | | вика (wika) /βika/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*ny₁āez'''; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) | ! scope="row" | '''*ny₁āez'''; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) | ||
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| nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ | | nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ | ||
| няка (nyaka) /njaka/ | | няка (nyaka) /njaka/ | ||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁e-"; (negative prefix) | |||
| pʰe- /pʰe/ | |||
| kue- /kwe/ > /kwe/ | |||
| хэ- (he-) /xe/ | |||
|} | |||
== Tense Suffixes == | |||
{| class="wikitable" |} | |||
| | |||
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | |||
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | |||
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]] | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*-nw₁iky₁a'''; (gnomic suffix) | |||
| -mic /miç/ | |||
| -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*-kʰol'''; (future suffix) | |||
| -kʰol /kʰol/ | |||
| -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/ | |||
| хол (hol) /xol/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*-nw₁ey₃ae'''; (perfect past suffix) | |||
| -meyeh /mejə/ | |||
| -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/ | |||
| нэжа (neja) /neʒa/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*-dʰār'''; (imperfect past suffix) | |||
| -dʰal /dʰal/ | |||
| | |||
| ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*-gy₁onw₁a'''; (perfect present tense) | |||
| -jom /ʝom/ | |||
| -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/ | |||
| гона (gona) /gona/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*-zāe'''; (imperfect present tense) | |||
| -zae /zæ/ | |||
| | |||
| зя (zya) /zja/ | |||
|} | |||
== Conjunctions and Prepositions == | |||
{| class="wikitable" |} | |||
| | |||
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | |||
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | |||
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]] | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*dāgʰ'''; "and" | |||
| dagʰ /dagʰ/ | |||
| dog /dog/ > /dɔg/ | |||
| дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*noisw₃ī'''; "or" | |||
| noifwī /nojɸwi:/ | |||
| nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ | |||
| ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*ty₂onâ'''; "to" | |||
| | |||
| tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/ | |||
| -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix) | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*sotautʰ'''; "from" | |||
| | |||
| sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/ | |||
| -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix) | |||
|- | |||
! scope= "row" | '''*tōgʰ'''; "except" | |||
| tōgʰ /to:gʰ/ | |||
| tug /tug/ > /tug/ | |||
| тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/ | |||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 18:01, 10 July 2025
Numbers
Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза) | |
---|---|---|---|
*sy₁unēgy₁a; "one" | shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ | siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/ | сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/ |
*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae; "two" | zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ | ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ | зосажа (sozaja) /zosaʒa/ |
*nw₁āny₁irtʰ; "three" | mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/ | nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ | нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/ |
*nolâegy₁e; "four" | nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ | nolegi /nolegi/ > /nɔlɛji/ | нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/ |
*gy₁ūzw₁a; "five" | jūv /ʝu:β/ | giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ | гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/ |
*zy₁iny₂âe; "ten" | zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ | zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ | зиня (zinya) /zinja/ |
Pronouns and Important Morphemes
Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза) | |
---|---|---|---|
*enw₁a; "I/me" | em /em/ | eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/ | эна (ena) /ena/ |
*w₂iky₁ae; "you" | wiceh /wiçə/ | uike /wike/ > /wije/ | вика (wika) /βika/ |
*ny₁āez; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) | ngaez /ŋæz/ | niz /niz/ > /niz/ | няз (nyaz) /njaz/ |
*nāny₁a; "many" | nang /naŋ/; nan- (plural prefix) | none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/; none- (plural prefix) | няна (nyana) /nanja/ |
*gʰeus; "trio" | gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix) | gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) | gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group" |
*nw₁āky₁a; (derivative suffix) | mac /maç/ | nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ | няка (nyaka) /njaka/ |
*kʰw₁e-"; (negative prefix) | pʰe- /pʰe/ | kue- /kwe/ > /kwe/ | хэ- (he-) /xe/ |
Tense Suffixes
Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза) | |
---|---|---|---|
*-nw₁iky₁a; (gnomic suffix) | -mic /miç/ | -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/ | |
*-kʰol; (future suffix) | -kʰol /kʰol/ | -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/ | хол (hol) /xol/ |
*-nw₁ey₃ae; (perfect past suffix) | -meyeh /mejə/ | -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/ | нэжа (neja) /neʒa/ |
*-dʰār; (imperfect past suffix) | -dʰal /dʰal/ | ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/ | |
*-gy₁onw₁a; (perfect present tense) | -jom /ʝom/ | -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/ | гона (gona) /gona/ |
*-zāe; (imperfect present tense) | -zae /zæ/ | зя (zya) /zja/ |
Conjunctions and Prepositions
Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза) | |
---|---|---|---|
*dāgʰ; "and" | dagʰ /dagʰ/ | dog /dog/ > /dɔg/ | дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/ |
*noisw₃ī; "or" | noifwī /nojɸwi:/ | nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ | ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/ |
*ty₂onâ; "to" | tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/ | -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix) | |
*sotautʰ; "from" | sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/ | -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix) | |
*tōgʰ; "except" | tōgʰ /to:gʰ/ | tug /tug/ > /tug/ | тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/ |