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Reconstructed Proto-Yigó words: Difference between revisions

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This list contains all reconstructed words in Proto-Yigó.
This list contains all reconstructed words in [[Proto-Yigó]], reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages.


== Numbers ==
== Numbers ==
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{| class="wikitable" |}
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
|
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one"
| shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/
| shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/
| siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/
| siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/;
siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an"
| сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/
| сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/
|-
|-
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| zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/
| zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/
| ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/
| ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/
| зосажа (sozaja) /zosaʒa/
| зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁āny₁irtʰ'''; "three"
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁āny₁irtʰ'''; "three"
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! scope="row" | '''*nolâegy₁e'''; "four"
! scope="row" | '''*nolâegy₁e'''; "four"
| nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/
| nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/
| nolegi /nolegi/ > /nɔlɛji/
| noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/
| нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/
| нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/
|-
|-
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{| class="wikitable" |}
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
|
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me"
| em /em/
| em /em/
| eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/
| eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/
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! scope="row" | '''*w₂iky₁ae'''; "you"
! scope="row" | '''*w₂iky₁ae'''; "you"
| wiceh /wiçə/
| wiceh /wiçə/
| uike /wike/ > /wije/
| uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/
| вика (wika) /βika/
| вика (wika) /βika/
|-
|-
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| nang /naŋ/; nan- (plural prefix)
| nang /naŋ/; nan- (plural prefix)
| none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/; none- (plural prefix)
| none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/; none- (plural prefix)
| няна (nyana) /nanja/
| наня (nanya) /nanja/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gʰeus'''; "trio"
! scope="row" | '''*gʰeus'''; "trio"
| gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix)
| gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives)
| gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective)
| gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective)
| gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group"
| gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group"
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| няка (nyaka) /njaka/
| няка (nyaka) /njaka/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁e-"; (negative prefix)
! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁e-'''; (negative prefix)
| pʰe- /pʰe/
| pʰe- /pʰe/
| kue- /kwe/ > /kwe/
| kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/
| хэ- (he-) /xe/
| хэ- (he-) /xe/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sw₁ai'''; "question"
| fai /ɸaj/; fai- (interrogative prefix)
| sue /swe/ > /swɛ/
| саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask"
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-tany₃i'''; (diminutive suffix)
| -tangyi /taŋji/
| -tani /tani/ > /tani/
| -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-dʰy₁oin'''; (augmentative suffix)
| -zhoin /ʒojn/
| -din /din/ > /dʒin/
| -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable" |}
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
|
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-nw₁iky₁a'''; (gnomic suffix)
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*-nw₁iky₁a'''; (gnomic suffix)
| -mic /miç/
| -mic /miç/
| -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/
| -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/
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{| class="wikitable" |}
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
|
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*dāgʰ'''; "and"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dāgʰ'''; "and"
| dagʰ /dagʰ/
| dagʰ /dagʰ/
| dog /dog/ > /dɔg/
| dog /dog/ > /dɔg/
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| nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/
| nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/
| ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/
| ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zesy₁ol'''; "nor"
|
| zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/
| зесол (zesol) /zesol/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ty₂onâ'''; "to"
! scope="row" | '''*ty₂onâ'''; "to"
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{| class="wikitable" |}
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
|
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sy₁īnlūky₁a'''; "white"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁īnlūky₁a'''; "white"
| shīmlūc /ʃi:nlu:ç/
| shīmlūc /ʃi:mlu:ç/
| sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/
| sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/
| сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/
| сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/
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| suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/
| suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/
| свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/
| свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/
|}
== Body Parts ==
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dʰw₃āgʰy₁on'''; "body"
| bʰwajon /bʰwaʝon/
| dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse"
| ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kakʰy₁eurō'''; "head"
| kaceulō /kaçewlo:/
| kakiuru /kakjuɾu/ > /kajuɾu/
| кахеурё (kaheuryo) /kaxewɾjo/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*dy₁ony₂erla'''; "torso"
| zhonyel /ʒonjel/
| dionirla /djoniɾla/ > /dʒɔniɾla/ "body"
| донерла (donyerla) /donjeɾla/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ny₁âzenw₁a'''; "arm"
| ngāzem /ŋa:zem/
| niuzeno /njuzeno/ > /njuʒɛnɔ/
| нязэна (nyazena) /njazena/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sungʰotw₃a'''; "leg"
| sungʰosh /sungʰoʃ/
| sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/
| сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kw₁ōrne'''; "eye"
| pōlne /po:lne/
| kurne /kuɾne/ > /kuɾnɛ/
| кёрнэ (kyorne) /kjoɾne/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*tēlârsw₁a'''; "ear"
| tēlālf /te:la:lɸ/
| tilurso /tiluɾso/ > /tʃiluɾsɔ/
| теляса (tyelyasa) /tjeljasa/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kʰrenw₁ō'''; "mouth"
| kʰlemō /kʰlemo:/
| krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language"
| хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*y₃esy₁azw₃āe'''; "tongue"
| yeshvwae /jeʃβwæ/ "tongue/language"
| isezue /isezwe/ > /iʒɛzwɛ/
| жэсазавя (jesazabya) "tongue/language"
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kʰaunw₁ais'''; "hair"
| kʰaumais /kʰæwmajs/
| konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/
| хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ensozâ'''; "hand"
| ensozā /ensoza:/
| ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/
| энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/;
энсозятанжи (ensozyatanji) /ensozjatanʒi/ "finger"
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nuw₂etʰāgʰ'''; "foot"
| nuwetʰagʰ /nuwetʰagʰ/
| nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/
| нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/;
нувэþяgтанжи (nuwethyaghtanji) /nuβeθjaɣtanʒi/ "toe"
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sw₁ontʰois'''; "finger"
| fontʰois /ɸontʰojs/
| suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''*irkadʰālid'''; "toe"
| ilkdʰalid /ilkdʰa:lid/
| irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gʰy₂ūlsarn'''; "blood"
| gʰyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/
| giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/
| gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/;
gюлсарнðоин (ghyulsarndhoin) /ɣjulsaɾnðojn/ "to slaughter"
|-
! scope="row" | '''*argy₁īnw₁a'''; "wound"
| aljīm /alʝi:m/ "wound/scar"
| argino /aɾgino/ > /aɾjinɔ/
| аргйна (argyina) /aɾgjina/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*y₁usw₁ey₂a'''; "scar"
|
| iusui /juswi/ > /juzwi/
| усэва (useva) /useβa/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kenw₁ēsy₁a'''; "bone"
| kemēsh /keme:ʃ/
| kenuise /kenwise/ > /çɛnwiʒɛ/
| кэнеса (kenyesa) /kenjesa/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*landʰenârks'''; "guts"
| lehndʰenālks /ləndʰena:lks/
|
| ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 22:19, 11 July 2025

This list contains all reconstructed words in Proto-Yigó, reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages.

Numbers

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*sy₁unēgy₁a; "one" shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/;

siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an"

сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/
*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae; "two" zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/
*nw₁āny₁irtʰ; "three" mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/ nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/
*nolâegy₁e; "four" nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/ нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/
*gy₁ūzw₁a; "five" jūv /ʝu:β/ giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/
*zy₁iny₂âe; "ten" zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ зиня (zinya) /zinja/

Pronouns and Important Morphemes

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*enw₁a; "I/me" em /em/ eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/ эна (ena) /ena/
*w₂iky₁ae; "you" wiceh /wiçə/ uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/ вика (wika) /βika/
*ny₁āez; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) ngaez /ŋæz/ niz /niz/ > /niz/ няз (nyaz) /njaz/
*nāny₁a; "many" nang /naŋ/; nan- (plural prefix) none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/; none- (plural prefix) наня (nanya) /nanja/
*gʰeus; "trio" gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives) gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group"
*nw₁āky₁a; (derivative suffix) mac /maç/ nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ няка (nyaka) /njaka/
*kʰw₁e-; (negative prefix) pʰe- /pʰe/ kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/ хэ- (he-) /xe/
*sw₁ai; "question" fai /ɸaj/; fai- (interrogative prefix) sue /swe/ > /swɛ/ саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask"
*-tany₃i; (diminutive suffix) -tangyi /taŋji/ -tani /tani/ > /tani/ -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/
*-dʰy₁oin; (augmentative suffix) -zhoin /ʒojn/ -din /din/ > /dʒin/ -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/

Tense Suffixes

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*-nw₁iky₁a; (gnomic suffix) -mic /miç/ -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/
*-kʰol; (future suffix) -kʰol /kʰol/ -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/ хол (hol) /xol/
*-nw₁ey₃ae; (perfect past suffix) -meyeh /mejə/ -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/ нэжа (neja) /neʒa/
*-dʰār; (imperfect past suffix) -dʰal /dʰal/ ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/
*-gy₁onw₁a; (perfect present tense) -jom /ʝom/ -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/ гона (gona) /gona/
*-zāe; (imperfect present tense) -zae /zæ/ зя (zya) /zja/

Conjunctions and Prepositions

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*dāgʰ; "and" dagʰ /dagʰ/ dog /dog/ > /dɔg/ дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/
*noisw₃ī; "or" noifwī /nojɸwi:/ nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/
*zesy₁ol; "nor" zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/ зесол (zesol) /zesol/
*ty₂onâ; "to" tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/ -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix)
*sotautʰ; "from" sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/ -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix)
*tōgʰ; "except" tōgʰ /to:gʰ/ tug /tug/ > /tug/ тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/

Colors

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*sy₁īnlūky₁a; "white" shīmlūc /ʃi:mlu:ç/ sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/ сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/
*kezny₁aw₂ō; "black" kezngwō /kezŋwo:/ kezniu /keznju/ > /çɛznju/ кэзнавё (keznavyo) /keznaβjo/
*zy₃aunw₁īs; "red" zhaumīs /ʒawmi:s/ zionuis /zjonwis/ > /ʒɔnwis/ зажаунйс (zajaunyis) /zaʒawnjis/
*gūtw₁aroiny₁āe; "orange" gūploingae /gu:plojŋæ/ gutorini /gutoɾini/ > /gudɔɾini/ гютароиня (gyutaroinya) /gjutaɾojnja/
*nw₁aisy₁atā; "yellow" maishta /majʃta/ nueseto /nweseto/ > /nwɛzɛdɔ/ наисатя (naisatya) /najsatja/
*gozēlny₁a; "green/blue" gozēlng /goze:lŋ/ gozilne /gozilne/ > /gɔzilnɛ/ гозелна (gozyelna) /gozjelna/
*gʰw₁arây₂ae; "indigo/violet" bʰlāyeh /bʰla:jə/ gorugi /goɾwi/ > /gɔɾwi/ gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/
*sw₂itʰgʰaz; "pink" switʰgʰaz /switʰgʰaz/ suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/ свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/

Body Parts

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*dʰw₃āgʰy₁on; "body" bʰwajon /bʰwaʝon/ dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse" ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/
*kakʰy₁eurō; "head" kaceulō /kaçewlo:/ kakiuru /kakjuɾu/ > /kajuɾu/ кахеурё (kaheuryo) /kaxewɾjo/
*dy₁ony₂erla; "torso" zhonyel /ʒonjel/ dionirla /djoniɾla/ > /dʒɔniɾla/ "body" донерла (donyerla) /donjeɾla/
*ny₁âzenw₁a; "arm" ngāzem /ŋa:zem/ niuzeno /njuzeno/ > /njuʒɛnɔ/ нязэна (nyazena) /njazena/
*sungʰotw₃a; "leg" sungʰosh /sungʰoʃ/ sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/ сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/
*kw₁ōrne; "eye" pōlne /po:lne/ kurne /kuɾne/ > /kuɾnɛ/ кёрнэ (kyorne) /kjoɾne/
*tēlârsw₁a; "ear" tēlālf /te:la:lɸ/ tilurso /tiluɾso/ > /tʃiluɾsɔ/ теляса (tyelyasa) /tjeljasa/
*kʰrenw₁ō; "mouth" kʰlemō /kʰlemo:/ krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language" хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/
*y₃esy₁azw₃āe; "tongue" yeshvwae /jeʃβwæ/ "tongue/language" isezue /isezwe/ > /iʒɛzwɛ/ жэсазавя (jesazabya) "tongue/language"
*kʰaunw₁ais; "hair" kʰaumais /kʰæwmajs/ konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/ хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/
*ensozâ; "hand" ensozā /ensoza:/ ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/;

энсозятанжи (ensozyatanji) /ensozjatanʒi/ "finger"

*nuw₂etʰāgʰ; "foot" nuwetʰagʰ /nuwetʰagʰ/ nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/ нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/;

нувэþяgтанжи (nuwethyaghtanji) /nuβeθjaɣtanʒi/ "toe"

*sw₁ontʰois; "finger" fontʰois /ɸontʰojs/ suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/
*irkadʰālid; "toe" ilkdʰalid /ilkdʰa:lid/ irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/
*gʰy₂ūlsarn; "blood" gʰyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/ giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/ gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/;

gюлсарнðоин (ghyulsarndhoin) /ɣjulsaɾnðojn/ "to slaughter"

*argy₁īnw₁a; "wound" aljīm /alʝi:m/ "wound/scar" argino /aɾgino/ > /aɾjinɔ/ аргйна (argyina) /aɾgjina/
*y₁usw₁ey₂a; "scar" iusui /juswi/ > /juzwi/ усэва (useva) /useβa/
*kenw₁ēsy₁a; "bone" kemēsh /keme:ʃ/ kenuise /kenwise/ > /çɛnwiʒɛ/ кэнеса (kenyesa) /kenjesa/
*landʰenârks; "guts" lehndʰenālks /ləndʰena:lks/ ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/
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