Reconstructed Proto-Yigó words: Difference between revisions
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This list contains all reconstructed words in Proto-Yigó. | This list contains all reconstructed words in [[Proto-Yigó]], reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages. | ||
== Numbers == | == Numbers == | ||
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! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра- | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one" | ! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one" | ||
| shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ | | shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ | ||
| siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/ | | siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/; | ||
siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an" | |||
| сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/ | | сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра- | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me" | ! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me" | ||
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! scope="row" | '''*w₂iky₁ae'''; "you" | ! scope="row" | '''*w₂iky₁ae'''; "you" | ||
| wiceh /wiçə/ | | wiceh /wiçə/ | ||
| uike /wike/ > / | | uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/ | ||
| вика (wika) /βika/ | | вика (wika) /βika/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| niz /niz/ > /niz/ | | niz /niz/ > /niz/ | ||
| няз (nyaz) /njaz/ | | няз (nyaz) /njaz/ | ||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*dʰerky₁a'''; "this/that (demonstrative pronoun/article)" | |||
| dʰelc /dʰelç/ | |||
| derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/ | |||
| ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*nāny₁a'''; "many" | ! scope="row" | '''*nāny₁a'''; "many" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*gʰeus'''; "trio" | ! scope="row" | '''*gʰeus'''; "trio" | ||
| gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix) | | gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives) | ||
| gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) | | gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) | ||
| gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group" | | gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group" | ||
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| няка (nyaka) /njaka/ | | няка (nyaka) /njaka/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁e- | ! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁e-'''; (negative prefix) | ||
| pʰe- /pʰe/ | | pʰe- /pʰe/ | ||
| kue- /kwe/ > / | | kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/ | ||
| хэ- (he-) /xe/ | | хэ- (he-) /xe/ | ||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*sw₁ai'''; "question" | |||
| fai /ɸaj/; fai- (interrogative prefix) | |||
| sue /swe/ > /swɛ/ | |||
| саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*-tany₃i'''; (diminutive suffix) | |||
| -tangyi /taŋji/ | |||
| -tani /tani/ > /tani/ | |||
| -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*-dʰy₁oin'''; (augmentative suffix) | |||
| -zhoin /ʒojn/ | |||
| -din /din/ > /dʒin/ | |||
| -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра- | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*-nw₁iky₁a'''; (gnomic suffix) | ! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*-nw₁iky₁a'''; (gnomic suffix) | ||
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! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра- | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dāgʰ'''; "and" | ! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dāgʰ'''; "and" | ||
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| nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ | | nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ | ||
| ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/ | | ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/ | ||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*zesy₁ol'''; "nor" | |||
| | |||
| zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/ | |||
| зесол (zesol) /zesol/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | '''*ty₂onâ'''; "to" | ! scope="row" | '''*ty₂onâ'''; "to" | ||
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! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра- | ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁īnlūky₁a'''; "white" | ! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁īnlūky₁a'''; "white" | ||
| shīmlūc /ʃi: | | shīmlūc /ʃi:mlu:ç/ | ||
| sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/ | | sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/ | ||
| сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/ | | сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/ | ||
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| suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/ | | suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/ | ||
| свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/ | | свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/ | ||
|} | |||
== Body Parts == | |||
{| class="wikitable" |} | |||
| | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]] | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]] | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dʰw₃āgʰy₁on'''; "body" | |||
| bʰwajon /bʰwaʝon/ | |||
| dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse" | |||
| ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*kakʰy₁eurō'''; "head" | |||
| kaceulō /kaçewlo:/ | |||
| kakiuru /kakjuɾu/ > /kajuɾu/ | |||
| кахеурё (kaheuryo) /kaxewɾjo/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*dy₁ony₂erla'''; "torso" | |||
| zhonyel /ʒonjel/ | |||
| dionirla /djoniɾla/ > /dʒɔniɾla/ "body" | |||
| донерла (donyerla) /donjeɾla/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*ny₁âzenw₁a'''; "arm" | |||
| ngāzem /ŋa:zem/ | |||
| niuzeno /njuzeno/ > /njuʒɛnɔ/ | |||
| нязэна (nyazena) /njazena/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*sungʰotw₃a'''; "leg" | |||
| sungʰosh /sungʰoʃ/ | |||
| sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/ | |||
| сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*kw₁ōrne'''; "eye" | |||
| pōlne /po:lne/ | |||
| kurne /kuɾne/ > /kuɾnɛ/ | |||
| кёрнэ (kyorne) /kjoɾne/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*tēlârsw₁a'''; "ear" | |||
| tēlālf /te:la:lɸ/ | |||
| tilurso /tiluɾso/ > /tʃiluɾsɔ/ | |||
| теляса (tyelyasa) /tjeljasa/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*kʰrenw₁ō'''; "mouth" | |||
| kʰlemō /kʰlemo:/ | |||
| krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language" | |||
| хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*y₃esy₁azw₃āe'''; "tongue" | |||
| yeshvwae /jeʃβwæ/ "tongue/language" | |||
| isezue /isezwe/ > /iʒɛzwɛ/ | |||
| жэсазавя (jesazabya) "tongue/language" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*kʰaunw₁ais'''; "hair" | |||
| kʰaumais /kʰæwmajs/ | |||
| konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/ | |||
| хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*ensozâ'''; "hand" | |||
| ensozā /ensoza:/ | |||
| ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ | |||
| энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/; | |||
энсозятанжи (ensozyatanji) /ensozjatanʒi/ "finger" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*nuw₂etʰāgʰ'''; "foot" | |||
| nuwetʰagʰ /nuwetʰagʰ/ | |||
| nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/ | |||
| нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/; | |||
нувэþяgтанжи (nuwethyaghtanji) /nuβeθjaɣtanʒi/ "toe" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*sw₁ontʰois'''; "finger" | |||
| fontʰois /ɸontʰojs/ | |||
| suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*irkadʰālid'''; "toe" | |||
| ilkdʰalid /ilkdʰa:lid/ | |||
| irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*gʰy₂ūlsarn'''; "blood" | |||
| gʰyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/ | |||
| giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/ | |||
| gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/; | |||
gюлсарнðоин (ghyulsarndhoin) /ɣjulsaɾnðojn/ "to slaughter" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*argy₁īnw₁a'''; "wound" | |||
| aljīm /alʝi:m/ "wound/scar" | |||
| argino /aɾgino/ > /aɾjinɔ/ | |||
| аргйна (argyina) /aɾgjina/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*y₁usw₁ey₂a'''; "scar" | |||
| | |||
| iusui /juswi/ > /juzwi/ | |||
| усэва (useva) /useβa/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*kenw₁ēsy₁a'''; "bone" | |||
| kemēsh /keme:ʃ/ | |||
| kenuise /kenwise/ > /çɛnwiʒɛ/ | |||
| кэнеса (kenyesa) /kenjesa/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*landʰenârks'''; "guts" | |||
| lehndʰenālks /ləndʰena:lks/ | |||
| | |||
| ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 23:12, 11 July 2025
This list contains all reconstructed words in Proto-Yigó, reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages.
Numbers
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *sy₁unēgy₁a; "one" | shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ | siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/;
siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an" |
сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/ |
| *zy₁osw₁ay₃ae; "two" | zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ | ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ | зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/ |
| *nw₁āny₁irtʰ; "three" | mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/ | nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ | нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/ |
| *nolâegy₁e; "four" | nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ | noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/ | нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/ |
| *gy₁ūzw₁a; "five" | jūv /ʝu:β/ | giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ | гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/ |
| *zy₁iny₂âe; "ten" | zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ | zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ | зиня (zinya) /zinja/ |
Pronouns and Important Morphemes
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *enw₁a; "I/me" | em /em/ | eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/ | эна (ena) /ena/ |
| *w₂iky₁ae; "you" | wiceh /wiçə/ | uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/ | вика (wika) /βika/ |
| *ny₁āez; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) | ngaez /ŋæz/ | niz /niz/ > /niz/ | няз (nyaz) /njaz/ |
| *dʰerky₁a; "this/that (demonstrative pronoun/article)" | dʰelc /dʰelç/ | derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/ | ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/ |
| *nāny₁a; "many" | nang /naŋ/; nan- (plural prefix) | none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/; none- (plural prefix) | наня (nanya) /nanja/ |
| *gʰeus; "trio" | gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives) | gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) | gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group" |
| *nw₁āky₁a; (derivative suffix) | mac /maç/ | nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ | няка (nyaka) /njaka/ |
| *kʰw₁e-; (negative prefix) | pʰe- /pʰe/ | kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/ | хэ- (he-) /xe/ |
| *sw₁ai; "question" | fai /ɸaj/; fai- (interrogative prefix) | sue /swe/ > /swɛ/ | саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask" |
| *-tany₃i; (diminutive suffix) | -tangyi /taŋji/ | -tani /tani/ > /tani/ | -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/ |
| *-dʰy₁oin; (augmentative suffix) | -zhoin /ʒojn/ | -din /din/ > /dʒin/ | -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/ |
Tense Suffixes
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *-nw₁iky₁a; (gnomic suffix) | -mic /miç/ | -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/ | |
| *-kʰol; (future suffix) | -kʰol /kʰol/ | -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/ | хол (hol) /xol/ |
| *-nw₁ey₃ae; (perfect past suffix) | -meyeh /mejə/ | -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/ | нэжа (neja) /neʒa/ |
| *-dʰār; (imperfect past suffix) | -dʰal /dʰal/ | ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/ | |
| *-gy₁onw₁a; (perfect present tense) | -jom /ʝom/ | -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/ | гона (gona) /gona/ |
| *-zāe; (imperfect present tense) | -zae /zæ/ | зя (zya) /zja/ |
Conjunctions and Prepositions
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *dāgʰ; "and" | dagʰ /dagʰ/ | dog /dog/ > /dɔg/ | дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/ |
| *noisw₃ī; "or" | noifwī /nojɸwi:/ | nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ | ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/ |
| *zesy₁ol; "nor" | zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/ | зесол (zesol) /zesol/ | |
| *ty₂onâ; "to" | tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/ | -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix) | |
| *sotautʰ; "from" | sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/ | -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix) | |
| *tōgʰ; "except" | tōgʰ /to:gʰ/ | tug /tug/ > /tug/ | тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/ |
Colors
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *sy₁īnlūky₁a; "white" | shīmlūc /ʃi:mlu:ç/ | sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/ | сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/ |
| *kezny₁aw₂ō; "black" | kezngwō /kezŋwo:/ | kezniu /keznju/ > /çɛznju/ | кэзнавё (keznavyo) /keznaβjo/ |
| *zy₃aunw₁īs; "red" | zhaumīs /ʒawmi:s/ | zionuis /zjonwis/ > /ʒɔnwis/ | зажаунйс (zajaunyis) /zaʒawnjis/ |
| *gūtw₁aroiny₁āe; "orange" | gūploingae /gu:plojŋæ/ | gutorini /gutoɾini/ > /gudɔɾini/ | гютароиня (gyutaroinya) /gjutaɾojnja/ |
| *nw₁aisy₁atā; "yellow" | maishta /majʃta/ | nueseto /nweseto/ > /nwɛzɛdɔ/ | наисатя (naisatya) /najsatja/ |
| *gozēlny₁a; "green/blue" | gozēlng /goze:lŋ/ | gozilne /gozilne/ > /gɔzilnɛ/ | гозелна (gozyelna) /gozjelna/ |
| *gʰw₁arây₂ae; "indigo/violet" | bʰlāyeh /bʰla:jə/ | gorugi /goɾwi/ > /gɔɾwi/ | gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/ |
| *sw₂itʰgʰaz; "pink" | switʰgʰaz /switʰgʰaz/ | suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/ | свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/ |
Body Parts
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *dʰw₃āgʰy₁on; "body" | bʰwajon /bʰwaʝon/ | dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse" | ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/ |
| *kakʰy₁eurō; "head" | kaceulō /kaçewlo:/ | kakiuru /kakjuɾu/ > /kajuɾu/ | кахеурё (kaheuryo) /kaxewɾjo/ |
| *dy₁ony₂erla; "torso" | zhonyel /ʒonjel/ | dionirla /djoniɾla/ > /dʒɔniɾla/ "body" | донерла (donyerla) /donjeɾla/ |
| *ny₁âzenw₁a; "arm" | ngāzem /ŋa:zem/ | niuzeno /njuzeno/ > /njuʒɛnɔ/ | нязэна (nyazena) /njazena/ |
| *sungʰotw₃a; "leg" | sungʰosh /sungʰoʃ/ | sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/ | сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/ |
| *kw₁ōrne; "eye" | pōlne /po:lne/ | kurne /kuɾne/ > /kuɾnɛ/ | кёрнэ (kyorne) /kjoɾne/ |
| *tēlârsw₁a; "ear" | tēlālf /te:la:lɸ/ | tilurso /tiluɾso/ > /tʃiluɾsɔ/ | теляса (tyelyasa) /tjeljasa/ |
| *kʰrenw₁ō; "mouth" | kʰlemō /kʰlemo:/ | krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language" | хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/ |
| *y₃esy₁azw₃āe; "tongue" | yeshvwae /jeʃβwæ/ "tongue/language" | isezue /isezwe/ > /iʒɛzwɛ/ | жэсазавя (jesazabya) "tongue/language" |
| *kʰaunw₁ais; "hair" | kʰaumais /kʰæwmajs/ | konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/ | хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/ |
| *ensozâ; "hand" | ensozā /ensoza:/ | ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ | энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/;
энсозятанжи (ensozyatanji) /ensozjatanʒi/ "finger" |
| *nuw₂etʰāgʰ; "foot" | nuwetʰagʰ /nuwetʰagʰ/ | nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/ | нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/;
нувэþяgтанжи (nuwethyaghtanji) /nuβeθjaɣtanʒi/ "toe" |
| *sw₁ontʰois; "finger" | fontʰois /ɸontʰojs/ | suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/ | |
| *irkadʰālid; "toe" | ilkdʰalid /ilkdʰa:lid/ | irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/ | |
| *gʰy₂ūlsarn; "blood" | gʰyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/ | giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/ | gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/;
gюлсарнðоин (ghyulsarndhoin) /ɣjulsaɾnðojn/ "to slaughter" |
| *argy₁īnw₁a; "wound" | aljīm /alʝi:m/ "wound/scar" | argino /aɾgino/ > /aɾjinɔ/ | аргйна (argyina) /aɾgjina/ |
| *y₁usw₁ey₂a; "scar" | iusui /juswi/ > /juzwi/ | усэва (useva) /useβa/ | |
| *kenw₁ēsy₁a; "bone" | kemēsh /keme:ʃ/ | kenuise /kenwise/ > /çɛnwiʒɛ/ | кэнеса (kenyesa) /kenjesa/ |
| *landʰenârks; "guts" | lehndʰenālks /ləndʰena:lks/ | ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/ |