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Reconstructed Proto-Yigó words: Difference between revisions

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Line 8: Line 8:
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Gālalganāk]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one"
Line 14: Line 15:
siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an"
siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an"
| сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/
| сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/
| hïngēg /xyŋe:g/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae'''; "two"
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae'''; "two"
Line 19: Line 21:
| ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/
| ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/
| зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/
| зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/
| ghësag /ɣøsag/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁āny₁irtʰ'''; "three"
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁āny₁irtʰ'''; "three"
| mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/
| mangilth /maŋiltʰ/
| nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/
| nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/
| нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/
| нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/
| nāngilth /na:ŋiltʰ/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nolâegy₁e'''; "four"
! scope="row" | '''*nolâegy₁e'''; "four"
Line 29: Line 33:
| noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/
| noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/
| нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/
| нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/
| molāge /mola:ge/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gy₁ūzw₁a'''; "five"
! scope="row" | '''*gy₁ūzw₁a'''; "five"
Line 34: Line 39:
| giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/
| giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/
| гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/
| гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/
| gï̄z /gy:z/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁iny₂âe'''; "ten"
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁iny₂âe'''; "ten"
Line 39: Line 45:
| zini /zini/ > /ʒini/
| zini /zini/ > /ʒini/
| зиня (zinya) /zinja/
| зиня (zinya) /zinja/
| ghinā /ɣina:/
|}
|}


Line 48: Line 55:
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Gālalganāk]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me"
Line 53: Line 61:
| eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/
| eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/
| эна (ena) /ena/
| эна (ena) /ena/
| en /en/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*w₂iky₁ae'''; "you"
! scope="row" | '''*w₂iky₁ae'''; "you"
Line 58: Line 67:
| uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/
| uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/
| вика (wika) /βika/
| вика (wika) /βika/
| ük /ɯk/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ny₁āez'''; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun)
! scope="row" | '''*ny₁āez'''; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun)
Line 63: Line 73:
| niz /niz/ > /niz/
| niz /niz/ > /niz/
| няз (nyaz) /njaz/
| няз (nyaz) /njaz/
| nāz /na:z/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*dʰerky₁a'''; "this/that (demonstrative pronoun/article)"
! scope="row" | '''*genw₁alâez'''; "this/that (demonstrative pronoun/article)"
| dʰelc /dʰelç/
| gemlāez /gemlæ:z/
| derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/
| genoliz /genoliz/ > /jɛnɔliz/
| ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/
| гэналяз (genalyaz) /genaljaz/
| genalāz /genala:z/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nāny₁a'''; "many"
! scope="row" | '''*nāny₁a'''; "many"
Line 74: Line 86:
| none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/
| none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/
| няна (nyana) /njana/
| няна (nyana) /njana/
| nān /na:n/;
nān(a)- /na:n(a)/ (plural prefix)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*dʰāny₁a'''; "all"
! scope="row" | '''*dʰāny₁a'''; "all"
| dʰang /dʰaŋ/
| dhang /dʰaŋ/
| done /done/ > /dɔnɛ/;
| done /done/ > /dɔnɛ/;
done- /done/ > /dɔnɛ/ (plural prefix)
done- /done/ > /dɔnɛ/ (plural prefix)
| ðяна (dhyana) /ðjana/
| ðяна (dhyana) /ðjana/
| dān /da:n/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gʰeus'''; "trio"
! scope="row" | '''*gʰeus'''; "trio"
| gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives)
| gheus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives)
| gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective)
| gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective)
| gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group"
| gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group"
|
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-nw₁āky₁a'''; (derivative suffix)
! scope="row" | '''*-nw₁āky₁a'''; (derivative suffix)
Line 90: Line 106:
| -nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/
| -nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/
| няка (nyaka) /njaka/
| няка (nyaka) /njaka/
| -nāk /na:k/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁e-'''; (negative prefix)
! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁e-'''; (negative prefix)
| pʰe- /pʰe/
| phe- /pʰe/
| kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/
| kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/
| хэ- (he-) /xe/
| хэ- (he-) /xe/
| khë- /kʰø/;
khë /kʰø/ "no"
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sw₁ai'''; "question"
! scope="row" | '''*sw₁ai'''; "question"
| fai /ɸaj/; fai- (interrogative prefix)
| fai /ɸaj/;
fai- (interrogative prefix)
| sue /swe/ > /swɛ/
| sue /swe/ > /swɛ/
| саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask"
| саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask"
| fȫ /ɸɤ:/;
fȫ- /ɸɤ:/ (interrogative suffix)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-tany₃i'''; (diminutive suffix)
! scope="row" | '''*-tany₃i'''; (diminutive suffix)
Line 105: Line 127:
| -tani /tani/ > /tani/
| -tani /tani/ > /tani/
| -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/
| -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/
| -tangi /taŋi/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-dʰy₁oin'''; (augmentative suffix)
! scope="row" | '''*-dʰy₁oin'''; (augmentative suffix)
Line 110: Line 133:
| -din /din/ > /dʒin/
| -din /din/ > /dʒin/
| -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/
| -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/
| -dǖ (dɯ:)
|}
|}


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! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Gālalganāk]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*-nw₁iky₁a'''; (gnomic suffix)
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*-nw₁iky₁a'''; (gnomic suffix)
Line 125: Line 150:
| -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/
| -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/
|
|
| -mük /mɯk/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-kʰol'''; (future suffix)
! scope="row" | '''*-kʰol'''; (future suffix)
| -kʰol /kʰol/
| -khol /kʰol/
| -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/
| -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/
| хол (hol) /xol/
| хол (hol) /xol/
| -thol /tʰol/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-nw₁ey₃ae'''; (perfect past suffix)
! scope="row" | '''*-nw₁ey₃ae'''; (perfect past suffix)
Line 135: Line 162:
| -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/
| -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/
| нэжа (neja) /neʒa/
| нэжа (neja) /neʒa/
| -mög /mɤg/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-dʰār'''; (imperfect past suffix)
! scope="row" | '''*-dʰār'''; (imperfect past suffix)
| -dʰal /dʰal/
| -dhal /dʰal/
|
|
| ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/
| ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/
| -dāl /da:l/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-gy₁onw₁a'''; (perfect present tense)
! scope="row" | '''*-gy₁onw₁a'''; (perfect present tense)
Line 145: Line 174:
| -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/
| -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/
| гона (gona) /gona/
| гона (gona) /gona/
|
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-zāe'''; (imperfect present tense)
! scope="row" | '''*-zāe'''; (imperfect present tense)
Line 150: Line 180:
|
|
| зя (zya) /zja/
| зя (zya) /zja/
| -zā /za:/
|}
|}


Line 159: Line 190:
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Gālalganāk]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dāgʰ'''; "and"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dāgʰ'''; "and"
| dagʰ /dagʰ/
| dagh /dagʰ/
| dog /dog/ > /dɔg/
| dog /dog/ > /dɔg/
| дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/
| дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/
| dāg /da:g/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*noisw₃ī'''; "or"
! scope="row" | '''*noisw₃ī'''; "or"
Line 169: Line 202:
| nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/
| nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/
| ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/
| ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/
| mǖhï̄ /mɯ:xy:/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zesy₁ol'''; "nor"
! scope="row" | '''*zesy₁ol'''; "nor"
Line 174: Line 208:
| zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/
| zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/
| зесол (zesol) /zesol/
| зесол (zesol) /zesol/
| ghehël /ɣexøl/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ty₂onâ'''; "to"
! scope="row" | '''*ty₂onâ'''; "to"
Line 179: Line 214:
| tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/
| tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/
| -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix)
| -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix)
| kënā /køna:/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sotautʰ'''; "from"
! scope="row" | '''*sotautʰ'''; "from"
Line 184: Line 220:
| sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/
| sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/
| -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix)
| -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix)
| fotë̄th /ɸotøtʰ/
|-
|-
! scope= "row" | '''*tōgʰ'''; "except"
! scope= "row" | '''*tōgʰ'''; "except"
| tōgʰ /to:gʰ/
| tōgh /to:gʰ/
| tug /tug/ > /tug/
| tug /tug/ > /tug/
| тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/
| тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/
| pōg /po:g/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*w₂isy₁āz'''; "inside" (contained)
! scope="row" | '''*w₂isy₁āz'''; "inside" (contained)
Line 194: Line 232:
| uisioz /wisjoz/ > /wiʃɔz/
| uisioz /wisjoz/ > /wiʃɔz/
| висяз (wisyaz) /βisjaz/
| висяз (wisyaz) /βisjaz/
|
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*dʰōrnw₁ai'''; "within" (affiliated)
! scope="row" | '''*dʰōrnw₁ai'''; "within" (affiliated)
Line 199: Line 238:
| durnue /duɾnwe/ > /duɾnwɛ/
| durnue /duɾnwe/ > /duɾnwɛ/
| ðёрнаи (dhyornai) /ðjoɾnaj/
| ðёрнаи (dhyornai) /ðjoɾnaj/
| bōlmȫ /bo:lmɤ:/
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gʰw₁arây₂ae'''; "indigo/violet"
! scope="row" | '''*gʰw₁arây₂ae'''; "indigo/violet"
| bʰlāyeh /bʰla:jə/
| bhlāyeh /bʰla:jə/
| gorugi /goɾwi/ > /gɔɾwi/
| gorugi /goɾugi/ > /gɔɾuji/
| gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/
| gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sw₂itʰgʰaz'''; "pink"
! scope="row" | '''*sw₂itʰgʰaz'''; "pink"
| switʰgʰaz /switʰgʰaz/
| swithghaz /switʰgʰaz/
| suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/
| suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/
| свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/
| свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/
Line 259: Line 299:
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dʰw₃āgʰy₁on'''; "body"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dʰw₃āgʰy₁on'''; "body"
| bʰwajon /bʰwaʝon/
| bhwajon /bʰwaʝon/
| dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse"
| dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse"
| ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/
| ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/
Line 269: Line 309:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*dʰeutʰazy₃a'''; "brain"
! scope="row" | '''*dʰeutʰazy₃a'''; "brain"
| dʰeutʰazha /dʰewtʰaʒa/
| dheuthazha /dʰewtʰaʒa/
|
|
| ðэуþазжа (dheuthazja) /ðewθazʒa/
| ðэуþазжа (dheuthazja) /ðewθazʒa/
Line 284: Line 324:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sungʰotw₃a'''; "leg"
! scope="row" | '''*sungʰotw₃a'''; "leg"
| sungʰosh /sungʰoʃ/
| sunghosh /sungʰoʃ/
| sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/
| sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/
| сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/
| сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/
Line 299: Line 339:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kʰrenw₁ō'''; "mouth"
! scope="row" | '''*kʰrenw₁ō'''; "mouth"
| kʰlemō /kʰlemo:/
| khlemō /kʰlemo:/
| krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language"
| krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language"
| хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/
| хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/
Line 309: Line 349:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kʰaunw₁ais'''; "hair"
! scope="row" | '''*kʰaunw₁ais'''; "hair"
| kʰaumais /kʰæwmajs/
| khaumais /kʰæwmajs/
| konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/
| konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/
| хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/
| хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/
Line 317: Line 357:
| kuinui /kwinwi/ > /kwinwi/
| kuinui /kwinwi/ > /kwinwi/
| кинове (kinowye) /kinoβje/
| кинове (kinowye) /kinoβje/
энсозятанжи (ensozyatanji) /ensozjatanʒi/ "finger"
киноветанжи (kinowyetanji) /kinoβjetanʒi/ "finger"
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nuw₂etʰāgʰ'''; "foot"
! scope="row" | '''*nuw₂etʰāgʰ'''; "foot"
| nuwetʰagʰ /nuwetʰagʰ/
| nuwethagh /nuwetʰagʰ/
| nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/
| nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/
| нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/;
| нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/;
Line 326: Line 366:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sw₁ontʰois'''; "finger"
! scope="row" | '''*sw₁ontʰois'''; "finger"
| fontʰois /ɸontʰojs/
| fonthois /ɸontʰojs/
| suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/
| suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/
|
|
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*irkadʰālid'''; "toe"
! scope="row" | '''*irkadʰālid'''; "toe"
| ilkdʰalid /ilkdʰa:lid/
| ilkdhalid /ilkdʰa:lid/
| irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/
| irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/
|
|
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gʰy₂ūlsarn'''; "blood"
! scope="row" | '''*gʰy₂ūlsarn'''; "blood"
| gʰyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/
| ghyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/
| giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/
| giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/
| gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/;
| gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/;
Line 357: Line 397:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*landʰenârks'''; "guts"
! scope="row" | '''*landʰenârks'''; "guts"
| lehndʰenālks /ləndʰena:lks/
| lehndhenālks /ləndʰena:lks/
|
|
| ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/
| ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/
Line 373: Line 413:
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*kʰw₃oneugʰ'''; "water"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*kʰw₃oneugʰ'''; "water"
| pʰwoneugʰ /pʰwonewgʰ/
| phwoneugh /pʰwonewgʰ/
| kunug /kunug/ > /kunug/
| kunug /kunug/ > /kunug/
| хабонэуg (haboneugh) /xabonewɣ/
| хабонэуg (haboneugh) /xabonewɣ/
Line 383: Line 423:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*tʰasaigw₁ō'''; "ocean"
! scope="row" | '''*tʰasaigw₁ō'''; "ocean"
| tʰehsaibō /tʰəsajbo:/
| thehsaibō /tʰəsajbo:/
|
|
| þасаигё (thasaigyo) /θasajgjo/
| þасаигё (thasaigyo) /θasajgjo/
Line 398: Line 438:
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gundʰaurla'''; "hill"
! scope="row" | '''*gundʰaurla'''; "hill"
| gundʰaul /gundʰæwl/
| gundhaul /gundʰæwl/
| gundorla /gundoɾla/ > /gundɔɾla/
| gundorla /gundoɾla/ > /gundɔɾla/
|
|
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ty₁alemdūgʰ'''; "tree"
! scope="row" | '''*ty₁alemdūgʰ'''; "tree"
| shlemdūgʰ /ʃlemdu:gʰ/
| shlemdūgh /ʃlemdu:gʰ/
| telendug /telendug/ > /tʃɛlɛndug/
| telendug /telendug/ > /tʃɛlɛndug/
| талэмдюg (talemdyugh) /talemdjuɣ/
| талэмдюg (talemdyugh) /talemdjuɣ/
Line 436: Line 476:
| ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ "person/body"
| ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ "person/body"
| энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/;
| энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/;
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nēskergʰai'''; "man (male)"
|
| niskerge /niskeɾge/ > /nisçɛɾjɛ/
| нерскэрgаи (nyeskerghai) /njeskeɾɣaj/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*w₂asy₁aliz'''; "woman"
|
| oseliz /oseliz/ > /ɔzɛliz/
| васализ (wasaliz) /βasaliz/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ky₁iny₁ō'''; "heavenly body" (Often translated as "moon")
| cingō /çiŋo:/
| kiniu /kinju/ > /çinju/
| кинё (kinyo) /kinjo/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nesw₁oiza'''; "sun"
| nefoiz /neɸojz/
| nesuiza /neswiza/ > /nɛzwiza/
| нэсоиза (nesoiza) /nesojza/
|}
|}


Line 449: Line 509:
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*gʰâeraelga'''; "good"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*gʰâeraelga'''; "good"
| gʰāelehlg /gʰæ:ləlg/
| ghāelehlg /gʰæ:ləlg/
| geralga /geɾalga/ > /jɛɾalga/
| geralga /geɾalga/ > /jɛɾalga/
| gяралга (ghyaralga) /ɣjaɾalga/
| gяралга (ghyaralga) /ɣjaɾalga/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ny₂ūrkʰat'''; "bad"
! scope="row" | '''*ny₂ūrkʰat'''; "bad"
| nyūlkʰat /nju:lkʰat/
| nyūlkhat /nju:lkʰat/
| niurkat /njuɾkat/ > /njuɾkat/
| niurkat /njuɾkat/ > /njuɾkat/
| нюрхат (nyurhat) /njuɾxat/
| нюрхат (nyurhat) /njuɾxat/
Line 468: Line 528:
| гясялез (gyasyalez) /gjasjalez/
| гясялез (gyasyalez) /gjasjalez/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*dʰerky₁a'''; "old (person)"
| dhelc /dʰelç/
| derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/
| ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*w₁aunisy₁a'''; "young"
| waunish /wæwniʃ/
| unise /unise/ > /uniʒɛ/
| ауниса (aunisa) /æwisa/
|}
== Basic Verbs ==
(This table is unfinished.)
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*gʰen'''; "to be"
| ghen /gʰen/
| gen /gen/ > /jɛn/
| gэн (ghen) /ɣen/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nāelnw₁a'''; "to have"
| naelm /nælm/
| nelno /nelno/ > /nɛlnɔ/
| нялна (nyalna) /njalna/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kuny₁ā'''; "to do/perform"
| kunga /kuŋa/
| kunio /kunjo/ > /kunjɔ/
| куня (kunya) /kunja/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ny₁utʰ'''; "to feel"
| nguth /ŋutʰ/
| niut /njut/ > /njut/
| нуþ (nuth) /nuθ/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁izne'''; "to know"
| zhizne /ʒizne/
| zizne /zizne/ > /ziznɛ/
| зизнэ (zizne) /zizne/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁iky₁ay₂o'''; "to think"
| micyo /miçjo/
| nuikio /nwikjo/ > /nwijɔ/
| никаё (nikayo) /nikajo/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zw₁enai'''; "to see"
| venai /βenaj/
| zuene /zwene/ > /zwɛnɛ/
| зенаи (zenai) /zenaj/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*lāny₁aw₃ae'''; "to want"
| langweh /laŋwə/
| lonio /lonjo/ > /lɔnjɔ/
| лянаба (lyanaba) /ljanaba/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁alâsw₁a'''; "to need"
| phlāf /pʰla:ɸ/
| koluso /koluso/ > /kɔluzɔ/
| халяса (halyasa) /xaljasa/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*tatʰw₁elō'''; "to like"
| taphelō /tapʰelo:/
| tatuelu /tatwelu/ > /tadwɛlu/
| таþелё (tathelyo) /taθeljo/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*euny₁akʰae'''; "to love"
| eungkheh /ewŋkʰə/
| uneka /uneka/ > /unɛga/
|
|}

Latest revision as of 21:52, 17 July 2025

This list contains all reconstructed words in Proto-Yigó, reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages.

Numbers

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) Gālalganāk
*sy₁unēgy₁a; "one" shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/;

siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an"

сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/ hïngēg /xyŋe:g/
*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae; "two" zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/ ghësag /ɣøsag/
*nw₁āny₁irtʰ; "three" mangilth /maŋiltʰ/ nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/ nāngilth /na:ŋiltʰ/
*nolâegy₁e; "four" nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/ нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/ molāge /mola:ge/
*gy₁ūzw₁a; "five" jūv /ʝu:β/ giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/ gï̄z /gy:z/
*zy₁iny₂âe; "ten" zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ зиня (zinya) /zinja/ ghinā /ɣina:/

Pronouns and Important Morphemes

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) Gālalganāk
*enw₁a; "I/me" em /em/ eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/ эна (ena) /ena/ en /en/
*w₂iky₁ae; "you" wiceh /wiçə/ uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/ вика (wika) /βika/ ük /ɯk/
*ny₁āez; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) ngaez /ŋæz/ niz /niz/ > /niz/ няз (nyaz) /njaz/ nāz /na:z/
*genw₁alâez; "this/that (demonstrative pronoun/article)" gemlāez /gemlæ:z/ genoliz /genoliz/ > /jɛnɔliz/ гэналяз (genalyaz) /genaljaz/ genalāz /genala:z/
*nāny₁a; "many" nang /naŋ/;

nan- /nan/ (plural prefix)

none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/ няна (nyana) /njana/ nān /na:n/;

nān(a)- /na:n(a)/ (plural prefix)

*dʰāny₁a; "all" dhang /dʰaŋ/ done /done/ > /dɔnɛ/;

done- /done/ > /dɔnɛ/ (plural prefix)

ðяна (dhyana) /ðjana/ dān /da:n/
*gʰeus; "trio" gheus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives) gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group"
*-nw₁āky₁a; (derivative suffix) -mac /maç/ -nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ няка (nyaka) /njaka/ -nāk /na:k/
*kʰw₁e-; (negative prefix) phe- /pʰe/ kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/ хэ- (he-) /xe/ khë- /kʰø/;

khë /kʰø/ "no"

*sw₁ai; "question" fai /ɸaj/;

fai- (interrogative prefix)

sue /swe/ > /swɛ/ саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask" fȫ /ɸɤ:/;

fȫ- /ɸɤ:/ (interrogative suffix)

*-tany₃i; (diminutive suffix) -tangyi /taŋji/ -tani /tani/ > /tani/ -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/ -tangi /taŋi/
*-dʰy₁oin; (augmentative suffix) -zhoin /ʒojn/ -din /din/ > /dʒin/ -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/ -dǖ (dɯ:)

Tense Suffixes

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) Gālalganāk
*-nw₁iky₁a; (gnomic suffix) -mic /miç/ -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/ -mük /mɯk/
*-kʰol; (future suffix) -khol /kʰol/ -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/ хол (hol) /xol/ -thol /tʰol/
*-nw₁ey₃ae; (perfect past suffix) -meyeh /mejə/ -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/ нэжа (neja) /neʒa/ -mög /mɤg/
*-dʰār; (imperfect past suffix) -dhal /dʰal/ ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/ -dāl /da:l/
*-gy₁onw₁a; (perfect present tense) -jom /ʝom/ -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/ гона (gona) /gona/
*-zāe; (imperfect present tense) -zae /zæ/ зя (zya) /zja/ -zā /za:/

Conjunctions and Prepositions

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) Gālalganāk
*dāgʰ; "and" dagh /dagʰ/ dog /dog/ > /dɔg/ дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/ dāg /da:g/
*noisw₃ī; "or" noifwī /nojɸwi:/ nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/ mǖhï̄ /mɯ:xy:/
*zesy₁ol; "nor" zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/ зесол (zesol) /zesol/ ghehël /ɣexøl/
*ty₂onâ; "to" tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/ -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix) kënā /køna:/
*sotautʰ; "from" sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/ -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix) fotë̄th /ɸotøtʰ/
*tōgʰ; "except" tōgh /to:gʰ/ tug /tug/ > /tug/ тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/ pōg /po:g/
*w₂isy₁āz; "inside" (contained) wishaz /wiʃaz/ uisioz /wisjoz/ > /wiʃɔz/ висяз (wisyaz) /βisjaz/
*dʰōrnw₁ai; "within" (affiliated) durnue /duɾnwe/ > /duɾnwɛ/ ðёрнаи (dhyornai) /ðjoɾnaj/ bōlmȫ /bo:lmɤ:/

Colors

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*sy₁īnlūky₁a; "white" shīmlūc /ʃi:mlu:ç/ sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/ сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/
*kezny₁aw₂ō; "black" kezngwō /kezŋwo:/ kezniu /keznju/ > /çɛznju/ кэзнавё (keznavyo) /keznaβjo/
*zy₃aunw₁īs; "red" zhaumīs /ʒawmi:s/ zionuis /zjonwis/ > /ʒɔnwis/ зажаунйс (zajaunyis) /zaʒawnjis/
*gūtw₁aroiny₁āe; "orange" gūploingae /gu:plojŋæ/ gutorini /gutoɾini/ > /gudɔɾini/ гютароиня (gyutaroinya) /gjutaɾojnja/
*nw₁aisy₁atā; "yellow" maishta /majʃta/ nueseto /nweseto/ > /nwɛzɛdɔ/ наисатя (naisatya) /najsatja/
*gozēlny₁a; "green/blue" gozēlng /goze:lŋ/ gozilne /gozilne/ > /gɔzilnɛ/ гозелна (gozyelna) /gozjelna/
*gʰw₁arây₂ae; "indigo/violet" bhlāyeh /bʰla:jə/ gorugi /goɾugi/ > /gɔɾuji/ gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/
*sw₂itʰgʰaz; "pink" swithghaz /switʰgʰaz/ suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/ свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/

Body Parts

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*dʰw₃āgʰy₁on; "body" bhwajon /bʰwaʝon/ dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse" ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/
*kakʰy₁eurō; "head" kaceulō /kaçewlo:/ kakiuru /kakjuɾu/ > /kajuɾu/ кахеурё (kaheuryo) /kaxewɾjo/
*dʰeutʰazy₃a; "brain" dheuthazha /dʰewtʰaʒa/ ðэуþазжа (dheuthazja) /ðewθazʒa/
*dy₁ony₂erla; "torso" zhonyel /ʒonjel/ dionirla /djoniɾla/ > /dʒɔniɾla/ "body" донерла (donyerla) /donjeɾla/
*ny₁âzenw₁a; "arm" ngāzem /ŋa:zem/ "arm/(tree) branch" niuzeno /njuzeno/ > /njuʒɛnɔ/ нязэна (nyazena) /njazena/
*sungʰotw₃a; "leg" sunghosh /sungʰoʃ/ sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/ сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/
*kw₁ōrne; "eye" pōlne /po:lne/ kurne /kuɾne/ > /kuɾnɛ/ кёрнэ (kyorne) /kjoɾne/
*tēlârsw₁a; "ear" tēlālf /te:la:lɸ/ tilurso /tiluɾso/ > /tʃiluɾsɔ/ теляса (tyelyasa) /tjeljasa/
*kʰrenw₁ō; "mouth" khlemō /kʰlemo:/ krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language" хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/
*y₃esy₁azw₃āe; "tongue" yeshvwae /jeʃβwæ/ "tongue/language" isezue /isezwe/ > /iʒɛzwɛ/ жэсазавя (jesazabya) "tongue/language"
*kʰaunw₁ais; "hair" khaumais /kʰæwmajs/ konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/ хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/
*kw₁inow₂ē; "hand" pinowē /pinowe:/ kuinui /kwinwi/ > /kwinwi/ кинове (kinowye) /kinoβje/

киноветанжи (kinowyetanji) /kinoβjetanʒi/ "finger"

*nuw₂etʰāgʰ; "foot" nuwethagh /nuwetʰagʰ/ nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/ нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/;

нувэþяgтанжи (nuwethyaghtanji) /nuβeθjaɣtanʒi/ "toe"

*sw₁ontʰois; "finger" fonthois /ɸontʰojs/ suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/
*irkadʰālid; "toe" ilkdhalid /ilkdʰa:lid/ irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/
*gʰy₂ūlsarn; "blood" ghyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/ giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/ gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/;

gюлсарнðоин (ghyulsarndhoin) /ɣjulsaɾnðojn/ "to slaughter"

*argy₁īnw₁a; "wound" aljīm /alʝi:m/ "wound/scar" argino /aɾgino/ > /aɾjinɔ/ аргйна (argyina) /aɾgjina/
*y₁usw₁ey₂a; "scar" iusui /juswi/ > /juzwi/ усэва (useva) /useβa/
*kenw₁ēsy₁a; "bone" kemēsh /keme:ʃ/ kenuise /kenwise/ > /çɛnwiʒɛ/ кэнеса (kenyesa) /kenjesa/
*landʰenârks; "guts" lehndhenālks /ləndʰena:lks/ ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/

Nature and Civilization

(This table is unfinished.)

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*kʰw₃oneugʰ; "water" phwoneugh /pʰwonewgʰ/ kunug /kunug/ > /kunug/ хабонэуg (haboneugh) /xabonewɣ/
*zâertēny₁a; "land" zāeltēng /zæ:lte:ŋ/ zirtine /ziɾtine/ > /ʒiɾtʃinɛ/ зяртена (zyartyena) /zjaɾtjena/
*tʰasaigw₁ō; "ocean" thehsaibō /tʰəsajbo:/ þасаигё (thasaigyo) /θasajgjo/
*krezâely₂i; "island" klezāelyi /klezæ:lji/ krezili /kɾezili/ > /kɾɛʒili/ крэзялй (krezyalyi) /kɾezjalji/
*kunw₃ētw₁isy₁a; "swamp" kumwēpish /kumwe:piʃ/ kunuituise /kunwitwise/ > /kunwitwiʒɛ/ кунбетиса (kunbyetisa) /kunbjetisa/
*gundʰaurla; "hill" gundhaul /gundʰæwl/ gundorla /gundoɾla/ > /gundɔɾla/
*ty₁alemdūgʰ; "tree" shlemdūgh /ʃlemdu:gʰ/ telendug /telendug/ > /tʃɛlɛndug/ талэмдюg (talemdyugh) /talemdjuɣ/
dw₃usteny₁a; "stick/(tree) branch" bwusteng /bwusteŋ/ "stick/wood" dustene /dustene/ > /dustʃɛnɛ/ дабустэна (dabustena) /dabustena/
*tury₃aistʰa; "wood" turesta /tuɾesta/ > /tuɾɛsta/ туржаисþа (turjaistha) /tuɾʒajsθa/
*ty₁ezānaik; "stone/rock" shezanaik /ʃezanajk/ tizonek /tizonek/ > /tʃizɔnɛk/ тэзянаик (tezyanaik) /tezjanajk/
*sw₁īndâl; "stone (material)" suindul /swindul/ > /swindul/ сйндял (syindyal) /sjindjal/
*tosāskʰy₁i; "sand" tosasci /tosasçi/ tososki /tososki/ > /tɔzɔsçi/ тосясхи (tosyashi) /tosjasxi/
*ensozâ; "person" ensozā /ensoza:/ ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ "person/body" энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/;
*nēskergʰai; "man (male)" niskerge /niskeɾge/ > /nisçɛɾjɛ/ нерскэрgаи (nyeskerghai) /njeskeɾɣaj/
*w₂asy₁aliz; "woman" oseliz /oseliz/ > /ɔzɛliz/ васализ (wasaliz) /βasaliz/
*ky₁iny₁ō; "heavenly body" (Often translated as "moon") cingō /çiŋo:/ kiniu /kinju/ > /çinju/ кинё (kinyo) /kinjo/
*nesw₁oiza; "sun" nefoiz /neɸojz/ nesuiza /neswiza/ > /nɛzwiza/ нэсоиза (nesoiza) /nesojza/

Basic Adjectives

(This table is unfinished.)

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*gʰâeraelga; "good" ghāelehlg /gʰæ:ləlg/ geralga /geɾalga/ > /jɛɾalga/ gяралга (ghyaralga) /ɣjaɾalga/
*ny₂ūrkʰat; "bad" nyūlkhat /nju:lkʰat/ niurkat /njuɾkat/ > /njuɾkat/ нюрхат (nyurhat) /njuɾxat/
*tw₁umorla; "big" pumol /pumol/ tumorla /tumoɾla/ > /tumɔɾla/ туморла (tumorla) /tumoɾla/
*gāsâerlez; "small" gasāelez /gasæ:lez/ gosirlez /gosirlez/ > /gɔsiɾlɛz/ гясялез (gyasyalez) /gjasjalez/
*dʰerky₁a; "old (person)" dhelc /dʰelç/ derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/ ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/
*w₁aunisy₁a; "young" waunish /wæwniʃ/ unise /unise/ > /uniʒɛ/ ауниса (aunisa) /æwisa/

Basic Verbs

(This table is unfinished.)

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*gʰen; "to be" ghen /gʰen/ gen /gen/ > /jɛn/ gэн (ghen) /ɣen/
*nāelnw₁a; "to have" naelm /nælm/ nelno /nelno/ > /nɛlnɔ/ нялна (nyalna) /njalna/
*kuny₁ā; "to do/perform" kunga /kuŋa/ kunio /kunjo/ > /kunjɔ/ куня (kunya) /kunja/
*ny₁utʰ; "to feel" nguth /ŋutʰ/ niut /njut/ > /njut/ нуþ (nuth) /nuθ/
*zy₁izne; "to know" zhizne /ʒizne/ zizne /zizne/ > /ziznɛ/ зизнэ (zizne) /zizne/
*nw₁iky₁ay₂o; "to think" micyo /miçjo/ nuikio /nwikjo/ > /nwijɔ/ никаё (nikayo) /nikajo/
*zw₁enai; "to see" venai /βenaj/ zuene /zwene/ > /zwɛnɛ/ зенаи (zenai) /zenaj/
*lāny₁aw₃ae; "to want" langweh /laŋwə/ lonio /lonjo/ > /lɔnjɔ/ лянаба (lyanaba) /ljanaba/
*kʰw₁alâsw₁a; "to need" phlāf /pʰla:ɸ/ koluso /koluso/ > /kɔluzɔ/ халяса (halyasa) /xaljasa/
*tatʰw₁elō; "to like" taphelō /tapʰelo:/ tatuelu /tatwelu/ > /tadwɛlu/ таþелё (tathelyo) /taθeljo/
*euny₁akʰae; "to love" eungkheh /ewŋkʰə/ uneka /uneka/ > /unɛga/
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