Reconstructed Proto-Yigó words: Difference between revisions
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! scope="row" | '''*krezâely₂i'''; "island" | ! scope="row" | '''*krezâely₂i'''; "island" | ||
| klezāelyi /klezæ:lji/ | | klezāelyi /klezæ:lji/ | ||
| | | | ||
| крэзялй (krezyalyi) /kɾezjalji/ | | крэзялй (krezyalyi) /kɾezjalji/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
Latest revision as of 00:52, 18 July 2025
This list contains all reconstructed words in Proto-Yigó, reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages.
Numbers
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sy₁unēgy₁a; "one" | shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ | siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/;
siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an" |
сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/ | hïngēg /xyŋe:g/ |
| *zy₁osw₁ay₃ae; "two" | zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ | ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ | зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/ | ghësag /ɣøsag/ |
| *nw₁āny₁irtʰ; "three" | mangilth /maŋiltʰ/ | nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ | нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/ | nāngilth /na:ŋiltʰ/ |
| *nolâegy₁e; "four" | nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ | noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/ | нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/ | molāge /mola:ge/ |
| *gy₁ūzw₁a; "five" | jūv /ʝu:β/ | giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ | гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/ | gï̄z /gy:z/ |
| *zy₁iny₂âe; "ten" | zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ | zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ | зиня (zinya) /zinja/ | ghinā /ɣina:/ |
Pronouns and Important Morphemes
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *enw₁a; "I/me" | em /em/ | eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/ | эна (ena) /ena/ | en /en/ |
| *w₂iky₁ae; "you" | wiceh /wiçə/ | uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/ | вика (wika) /βika/ | ük /ɯk/ |
| *ny₁āez; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) | ngaez /ŋæz/ | niz /niz/ > /niz/ | няз (nyaz) /njaz/ | nāz /na:z/ |
| *genw₁alâez; "this/that (demonstrative pronoun/article)" | gemlāez /gemlæ:z/ | genoliz /genoliz/ > /jɛnɔliz/ | гэналяз (genalyaz) /genaljaz/ | genalāz /genala:z/ |
| *nāny₁a; "many" | nang /naŋ/;
nan- /nan/ (plural prefix) |
none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/ | няна (nyana) /njana/ | nān /na:n/;
nān(a)- /na:n(a)/ (plural prefix) |
| *dʰāny₁a; "all" | dhang /dʰaŋ/ | done /done/ > /dɔnɛ/;
done- /done/ > /dɔnɛ/ (plural prefix) |
ðяна (dhyana) /ðjana/ | dān /da:n/ |
| *gʰeus; "trio" | gheus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives) | gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) | gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group" | |
| *-nw₁āky₁a; (derivative suffix) | -mac /maç/ | -nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ | няка (nyaka) /njaka/ | -nāk /na:k/ |
| *kʰw₁e-; (negative prefix) | phe- /pʰe/ | kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/ | хэ- (he-) /xe/ | khë- /kʰø/;
khë /kʰø/ "no" |
| *sw₁ai; "question" | fai /ɸaj/;
fai- (interrogative prefix) |
sue /swe/ > /swɛ/ | саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask" | fȫ /ɸɤ:/;
fȫ- /ɸɤ:/ (interrogative suffix) |
| *-tany₃i; (diminutive suffix) | -tangyi /taŋji/ | -tani /tani/ > /tani/ | -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/ | -tangi /taŋi/;
tangi /taŋi/ "small" |
| *-dʰy₁oin; (augmentative suffix) | -zhoin /ʒojn/ | -din /din/ > /dʒin/ | -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/ | -dǖ /dɯ:/;
dǖ /dɯ:/ "big" |
Tense Suffixes
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *-nw₁iky₁a; (gnomic suffix) | -mic /miç/ | -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/ | -mük /mɯk/ | |
| *-kʰol; (future suffix) | -khol /kʰol/ | -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/ | хол (hol) /xol/ | -thol /tʰol/ |
| *-nw₁ey₃ae; (perfect past suffix) | -meyeh /mejə/ | -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/ | нэжа (neja) /neʒa/ | -mög /mɤg/ |
| *-dʰār; (imperfect past suffix) | -dhal /dʰal/ | ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/ | -dāl /da:l/ | |
| *-gy₁onw₁a; (perfect present tense) | -jom /ʝom/ | -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/ | гона (gona) /gona/ | |
| *-zāe; (imperfect present tense) | -zae /zæ/ | зя (zya) /zja/ | -zā /za:/ |
Conjunctions and Prepositions
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *dāgʰ; "and" | dagh /dagʰ/ | dog /dog/ > /dɔg/ | дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/ | dāg /da:g/ |
| *noisw₃ī; "or" | noifwī /nojɸwi:/ | nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ | ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/ | mǖhï̄ /mɯ:xy:/ |
| *zesy₁ol; "nor" | zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/ | зесол (zesol) /zesol/ | ghehël /ɣexøl/ | |
| *ty₂onâ; "to" | tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/ | -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix) | kënā /køna:/ | |
| *sotautʰ; "from" | sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/ | -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix) | fotë̄th /ɸotø:tʰ/ | |
| *tōgʰ; "except" | tōgh /to:gʰ/ | tug /tug/ > /tug/ | тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/ | pōg /po:g/ |
| *w₂isy₁āz; "inside" (contained) | wishaz /wiʃaz/ | uisioz /wisjoz/ > /wiʃɔz/ | висяз (wisyaz) /βisjaz/ | |
| *dʰōrnw₁ai; "within" (affiliated) | durnue /duɾnwe/ > /duɾnwɛ/ | ðёрнаи (dhyornai) /ðjoɾnaj/ | bōlmȫ /bo:lmɤ:/ |
Colors
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sy₁īnlūky₁a; "white" | shīmlūc /ʃi:mlu:ç/ | sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/ | сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/ | hīnwūk /xi:nwu:k/ |
| *kezny₁aw₂ō; "black" | kezngwō /kezŋwo:/ | kezniu /keznju/ > /çɛznju/ | кэзнавё (keznavyo) /keznaβjo/ | keznadō /keznado:/ |
| *zy₃aunw₁īs; "red" | zhaumīs /ʒawmi:s/ | zionuis /zjonwis/ > /ʒɔnwis/ | зажаунйс (zajaunyis) /zaʒawnjis/ | ghë̄nǖs /ɣø:nɯ:s/ |
| *gūtw₁aroiny₁āe; "orange" | gūploingae /gu:plojŋæ/ | gutorini /gutoɾini/ > /gudɔɾini/ | гютароиня (gyutaroinya) /gjutaɾojnja/ | dūtawǖnā /du:tawɯ:na:/ |
| *nw₁aisy₁atā; "yellow" | maishta /majʃta/ | nueseto /nweseto/ > /nwɛzɛdɔ/ | наисатя (naisatya) /najsatja/ | mȫsatā /mɤ:sata:/ |
| *gozēlny₁a; "green/blue" | gozēlng /goze:lŋ/ | gozilne /gozilne/ > /gɔzilnɛ/ | гозелна (gozyelna) /gozjelna/ | doghēln /doɣe:ln/ |
| *gʰw₁arây₂ae; "indigo/violet" | bhlāyeh /bʰla:jə/ | gorugi /goɾugi/ > /gɔɾuji/ | gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/ | dalāg /dala:g/ |
| *sw₂itʰgʰaz; "pink" | swithghaz /switʰgʰaz/ | suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/ | свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/ | füthgaz /ɸɯtʰgaz/ |
Body Parts
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *dʰw₃āgʰy₁on; "body" | bhwajon /bʰwaʝon/ | dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse" | ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/ | dāgën /da:gøn/ |
| *kakʰy₁eurō; "head" | kaceulō /kaçewlo:/ | kakiuru /kakjuɾu/ > /kajuɾu/ | кахеурё (kaheuryo) /kaxewɾjo/ | |
| *dʰeutʰazy₃a; "brain" | dheuthazha /dʰewtʰaʒa/ | ðэуþазжа (dheuthazja) /ðewθazʒa/ | gï̄thaz /gy:tʰaz/ | |
| *dy₁ony₂erla; "torso" | zhonyel /ʒonjel/ | dionirla /djoniɾla/ > /dʒɔniɾla/ "body" | донерла (donyerla) /donjeɾla/ | gëngel /gøŋel/ |
| *ny₁âzenw₁a; "arm" | ngāzem /ŋa:zem/ "arm/(tree) branch" | niuzeno /njuzeno/ > /njuʒɛnɔ/ | нязэна (nyazena) /njazena/ | nāghen /na:ɣen/ |
| *sungʰotw₃a; "leg" | sunghosh /sungʰoʃ/ | sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/ | сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/ | fundot /ɸundot/ |
| *kw₁ōrne; "eye" | pōlne /po:lne/ | kurne /kuɾne/ > /kuɾnɛ/ | кёрнэ (kyorne) /kjoɾne/ | tōlnge /to:lŋe/ |
| *tēlârsw₁a; "ear" | tēlālf /te:la:lɸ/ | tilurso /tiluɾso/ > /tʃiluɾsɔ/ | теляса (tyelyasa) /tjeljasa/ | kēlāls /ke:la:ls/ |
| *kʰrenw₁ō; "mouth" | khlemō /kʰlemo:/ | krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language" | хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/ | khyemō /kʰjemo:/ |
| *y₃esy₁azw₃āe; "tongue" | yeshvwae /jeʃβwæ/ "tongue/language" | isezue /isezwe/ > /iʒɛzwɛ/ | жэсазавя (jesazabya) "tongue/language" | esazā /esaza:/ "language" |
| *kʰaunw₁ais; "hair" | khaumais /kʰæwmajs/ | konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/ | хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/ | khë̄mȫs /kʰø:mɤ:s/ |
| *kw₁inow₂ē; "hand" | pinowē /pinowe:/ | kuinui /kwinwi/ > /kwinwi/ | кинове (kinowye) /kinoβje/
киноветанжи (kinowyetanji) /kinoβjetanʒi/ "finger" |
tümodē /tɯmode:/ |
| *nuw₂etʰāgʰ; "foot" | nuwethagh /nuwetʰagʰ/ | nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/ | нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/;
нувэþяgтанжи (nuwethyaghtanji) /nuβeθjaɣtanʒi/ "toe" |
mudethāg /mudetʰa:g/ |
| *sw₁ontʰois; "finger" | fonthois /ɸontʰojs/ | suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/ | fonphǖs /ɸonpʰɯ:s/ | |
| *irkadʰālid; "toe" | ilkdhalid /ilkdʰa:lid/ | irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/ | ilkadāyid /ilkada:jid/ | |
| *gʰy₂ūlsarn; "blood" | ghyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/ | giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/ "blood/guts" | gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/;
gюлсарнðоин (ghyulsarndhoin) /ɣjulsaɾnðojn/ "to slaughter" |
dï̄lsaln /dy:lsaln/ "blood/guts" |
| *argy₁īnw₁a; "wound" | aljīm /alʝi:m/ "wound/scar" | argino /aɾgino/ > /aɾjinɔ/ | аргйна (argyina) /aɾgjina/ | |
| *y₁usw₁ey₂a; "scar" | iusui /juswi/ > /juzwi/ | усэва (useva) /useβa/ | ïfög /yɸɤg/ | |
| *kenw₁ēsy₁a; "bone" | kemēsh /keme:ʃ/ | kenuise /kenwise/ > /çɛnwiʒɛ/ | кэнеса (kenyesa) /kenjesa/ | kemȫs /kemɤ:s/ |
| *landʰenârks; "guts" | lehndhenālks /ləndʰena:lks/ | ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/ |
Nature and Civilization
(This table is unfinished.)
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *kʰw₃oneugʰ; "water" | phwoneugh /pʰwonewgʰ/ | kunug /kunug/ > /kunug/ | хабонэуg (haboneugh) /xabonewɣ/ | thongï̄g /tʰoŋy:g/ |
| *zâertēny₁a; "land" | zāeltēng /zæ:lte:ŋ/ | zirtine /ziɾtine/ > /ʒiɾtʃinɛ/ | зяртена (zyartyena) /zjaɾtjena/ | zālkēn /za:lke:n/ |
| *tʰasaigw₁ō; "ocean" | thehsaibō /tʰəsajbo:/ | þасаигё (thasaigyo) /θasajgjo/ | thafȫdō /tʰaɸɤ:do:/ | |
| *krezâely₂i; "island" | klezāelyi /klezæ:lji/ | крэзялй (krezyalyi) /kɾezjalji/ | ||
| *kunw₃ētw₁isy₁a; "swamp" | kumwēpish /kumwe:piʃ/ | kunuituise /kunwitwise/ > /kunwitwiʒɛ/ | кунбетиса (kunbyetisa) /kunbjetisa/ | |
| *gundʰaurla; "hill" | gundhaul /gundʰæwl/ | gundorla /gundoɾla/ > /gundɔɾla/ | dundë̄l /dundø:l/ | |
| *ty₁alendūgʰ; "tree" | shlendūgh /ʃlendu:gʰ/ | telendug /telendug/ > /tʃɛlɛndug/ | талэндюg (talendyugh) /talemdjuɣ/ | tayenbūg /tajenbu:g/ |
| dw₃usteny₁a; "stick/(tree) branch" | bwusteng /bwusteŋ/ "stick/wood" | dustene /dustene/ > /dustʃɛnɛ/ | дабустэна (dabustena) /dabustena/ | busken /busken/ |
| *tury₃aistʰa; "wood" | turesta /tuɾesta/ > /tuɾɛsta/ | туржаисþа (turjaistha) /tuɾʒajsθa/ | puwȫsth /puwɤ:stʰ/ | |
| *ty₁ezānaik; "stone/rock" | shezanaik /ʃezanajk/ | tizonek /tizonek/ > /tʃizɔnɛk/ | тэзянаик (tezyanaik) /tezjanajk/ | kezāmȫk /keza:mɤ:k/ |
| *sw₁īndâl; "stone (material)" | suindul /swindul/ > /swindul/ | сйндял (syindyal) /sjindjal/ | sǖndāl /sɯ:nda:l/ | |
| *tosāskʰy₁i; "sand" | tosasci /tosasçi/ | tososki /tososki/ > /tɔzɔsçi/ | тосясхи (tosyashi) /tosjasxi/ | posāskhi /posa:skʰi/ |
| *ensozâ; "person" | ensozā /ensoza:/ | ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ "person/body" | энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/ | enfozā /enɸoza:/ |
| *nēskergʰai; "man (male)" | niskerge /niskeɾge/ > /nisçɛɾjɛ/ | нерскэрgаи (nyeskerghai) /njeskeɾɣaj/ | ngēskeldȫ /ŋe:skeldɤ:/ | |
| *w₂asy₁aliz; "woman" | oseliz /oseliz/ > /ɔzɛliz/ | васализ (wasaliz) /βasaliz/ | asayiz /asajiz/ | |
| *ky₁iny₁ō; "heavenly body" (Often translated as "moon") | cingō /çiŋo:/ | kiniu /kinju/ > /çinju/ | кинё (kinyo) /kinjo/ | kinë /kinø/ |
| *nesw₁oiza; "sun" | nefoiz /neɸojz/ | nesuiza /neswiza/ > /nɛzwiza/ | нэсоиза (nesoiza) /nesojza/ | ngefǖz /ŋeɸɯ:z/ |
Basic Adjectives
(This table is unfinished.)
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *gʰâeraelga; "good" | ghāelehlg /gʰæ:ləlg/ | geralga /geɾalga/ > /jɛɾalga/ | gяралга (ghyaralga) /ɣjaɾalga/ | gālalg /ga:lalg/ |
| *ny₂ūrkʰat; "bad" | nyūlkhat /nju:lkʰat/ | niurkat /njuɾkat/ > /njuɾkat/ | нюрхат (nyurhat) /njuɾxat/ | ngï̄lkhat /ŋy:lkʰat/ |
| *tw₁umorla; "big" | pumol /pumol/ | tumorla /tumoɾla/ > /tumɔɾla/ | туморла (tumorla) /tumoɾla/ | |
| *gāsâerlez; "small" | gasāelez /gasæ:lez/ | gosirlez /gosirlez/ > /gɔsiɾlɛz/ | гясялез (gyasyalez) /gjasjalez/ | |
| *dʰerky₁a; "old (person)" | dhelc /dʰelç/ | derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/ | ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/ "old" (person or thing) | gelk /gelk/ |
| *w₁aunisy₁a; "young" | waunish /wæwniʃ/ | unise /unise/ > /uniʒɛ/ | ауниса (aunisa) /æwisa/ "young/new" | ë̄ngis /øŋis/ |
| *sw₁ālneuk; "old (thing)" | falneuk /ɸalnewk/ | sulnuk /sulnuk/ > /sulnuk/ | sālngï̄k /sa:lŋy:k/ | |
| *lērnany₂iz; "new" | lēlnyiz /le:lnjiz/ | lirnaniz /liɾnaniz/ > /liɾnaniz/ | yēlnangiz /je:lnaŋiz/ |
Basic Verbs
(This table is unfinished.)
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *gʰen; "to be" | ghen /gʰen/ | gen /gen/ > /jɛn/ | gэн (ghen) /ɣen/ | gen /gen/ |
| *nāelnw₁a; "to have" | naelm /nælm/ | nelno /nelno/ > /nɛlnɔ/ | нялна (nyalna) /njalna/ | nāl /na:l/ |
| *kuny₁ā; "to do/perform" | kunga /kuŋa/ | kunio /kunjo/ > /kunjɔ/ | куня (kunya) /kunja/ | tunā /tuna:/ |
| *ny₁utʰ; "to feel" | nguth /ŋutʰ/ | niut /njut/ > /njut/ | нуþ (nuth) /nuθ/ | ngïth /ŋytʰ/ |
| *zy₁izne; "to know" | zhizne /ʒizne/ | zizne /zizne/ > /ziznɛ/ | зизнэ (zizne) /zizne/ | ghiznge /ɣizŋe/ "to know/to think" |
| *nw₁iky₁ay₂o; "to think" | micyo /miçjo/ | nuikio /nwikjo/ > /nwijɔ/ | никаё (nikayo) /nikajo/ | |
| *zw₁enai; "to see" | venai /βenaj/ | zuene /zwene/ > /zwɛnɛ/ | зенаи (zenai) /zenaj/ | vömȫ /βɤmɤ:/ |
| *lāny₁aw₃ae; "to want" | langweh /laŋwə/ | lonio /lonjo/ > /lɔnjɔ/ | лянаба (lyanaba) /ljanaba/ | lānab /la:nab/ "to want/to need" |
| *kʰw₁alâsw₁a; "to need" | phlāf /pʰla:ɸ/ | koluso /koluso/ > /kɔluzɔ/ | халяса (halyasa) /xaljasa/ | |
| *tatʰw₁elō; "to like" | taphelō /tapʰelo:/ | tatuelu /tatwelu/ > /tadwɛlu/ | таþелё (tathelyo) /taθeljo/ "to like/to love" | taphöwō /tapʰɤwo:/ |
| *euny₁akʰae; "to love" | eungkheh /ewŋkʰə/ | uneka /uneka/ > /unɛga/ | ï̄nakh /y:nakʰ/ |